Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive psychological changes that can emerge as people work through and make sense of traumatic experiences.

Institutional betrayal refers to the emotional harm caused when an institution fails to protect an individual. This harm is especially severe when the individual expected support and protection from the institution. Institutional betrayal can be either direct or indirect. An example of direct institutional betrayal in the workplace is a supervisor demanding that an employee perform hurtful, demeaning, or devaluing tasks. Another example is an employer dismissing an employee